In the early 19th century, Christmas festivities and services became widespread with the rise of the Oxford Movement in the Church of England that emphasized the centrality of Christmas in Christianity and charity to the poor,[49] along with Washington Irving, Charles Dickens, and other authors emphasizing family, children, kind-heartedness, gift-giving, and Santa Claus (for Irving),[50] or Father Christmas (for Dickens). [46], Various factors contributed to the selection of December 25 as a date of celebration: it was the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar and it was nine months after March 25, the date of the vernal equinox and a date linked to the conception of Jesus (celebrated as the Feast of the Annunciation).[47]. The calculation hypothesis is considered academically to be "a thoroughly viable hypothesis", though not certain. In addition, there was a revival of interest in early music, from groups singing folk music, such as The Revels, to performers of early medieval and classical music. This passage is generally considered a late interpellation. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. [65], Gemara 8a.6: Rav Ḥanan bar Rava says: When are these festivals celebrated? [165][166][167] The first commercially produced decorations appeared in Germany in the 1860s, inspired by paper chains made by children. In Puritan England, Christmas was banned as it was associated with drunkenness and other misbehaviour. [citation needed], Christmas is typically a peak selling season for retailers in many nations around the world. Therefore, the aforementioned Orthodox Christians mark December 25 (and thus Christmas) on the day that is internationally considered to be January 7. Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic requires sustainable behavior change to mitigate the impact of the virus. In summary, there are four different dates used by different Christian groups to mark the birth of Christ, given in the table below. [188], Christmas lights and banners may be hung along streets, music played from speakers, and Christmas trees placed in prominent places. Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit. The transformation was accomplished with the aid of notable contributors including Washington Irving and the German-American cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840–1902). "Although this view is still very common, it has been seriously challenged" – Church of England Liturgical Commission, McGreevy, Patrick. [191] Nativity plays eventually spread throughout all of Europe, where they remain popular. However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. The Christmas tree was rare. King Charles I of England directed his noblemen and gentry to return to their landed estates in midwinter to keep up their old-style Christmas generosity. [23] The first recorded Christmas celebration was in Rome on December 25, AD 336. [232] In the U.S. there has been a tendency to replace the greeting Merry Christmas with Happy Holidays, which is considered inclusive at the time of the Jewish celebration of Hanukkah,[233] Kwanzaa, and Humanlight. [19], Although the month and date of Jesus' birth are unknown, the church in the early fourth century fixed the date as December 25. At the same time, Christian residents of Virginia and New York observed the holiday freely. [135], In America, interest in Christmas had been revived in the 1820s by several short stories by Washington Irving which appear in his The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The feast regained prominence after 800 when Charlemagne was crowned emperor on Christmas Day. Around AD 200, Clement of Alexandria wrote: There are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord's birth, but also the day; and they say that it took place in the 28th year of Augustus, and in the 25th day of [the Egyptian month] Pachon [May 20] ... Further, others say that He was born on the 24th or 25th of Pharmuthi [April 20 or 21]. [194] There were several American Christmas carols composed during the 19th Century, including "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear" in 1849, "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day" in 1863, and "Away in a Manger" in 1885. Part 12: Commemorations of the Martyrs", "Poll: In a changing nation, Santa endures". An anonymous work known as De Pascha Computus (243) linked the idea that creation began at the spring equinox, on March 25, with the conception or birth (the word nascor can mean either) of Jesus on March 28, the day of the creation of the sun in the Genesis account. In the same year employment in American retail stores rose from 1.6 million to 1.8 million in the two months leading up to Christmas. Primary infection with the varicella zoster virus (VZV) often leads to acute varicella or chickenpox, typically in childhood. Holiday originating in Christianity, usually December 25. Sahvage has been living under the radar for centuries—and he has … They are among the oldest musical compositions still regularly sung. The Chronograph of 354 records that a Christmas celebration took place in Rome in 336, eight days before the calends of January. In the United States, the "Christmas shopping season" starts as early as October. As such, in Scotland, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland discouraged the observance of Christmas, and though James VI commanded its celebration in 1618, attendance at church was scant. [72] Forgotten by everyone except the Jews, of course, who continued to observe Passover; also a Quartodeciman feast. [98] In Germanic language-speaking areas, numerous elements of modern Christmas folk custom and iconography may have originated from Yule, including the Yule log, Yule boar, and the Yule goat. It was only later that carols began to be sung in church. [178] The Christmas tree is considered by some as Christianisation of pagan tradition and ritual surrounding the Winter Solstice, which included the use of evergreen boughs, and an adaptation of pagan tree worship;[179] according to eighth-century biographer Æddi Stephanus, Saint Boniface (634–709), who was a missionary in Germany, took an ax to an oak tree dedicated to Thor and pointed out a fir tree, which he stated was a more fitting object of reverence because it pointed to heaven and it had a triangular shape, which he said was symbolic of the Trinity. Biblioteca personale [150] It was not until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 that the persecution ended and Orthodox Christmas became a state holiday again for the first time in Russia after seven decades. [56] Christmas was promoted in the East as part of the revival of Orthodox Christianity that followed the death of the pro-Arian Emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianople in 378. The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. [18] When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then spread the word. [81], With regard to a December religious feast of the deified Sun (Sol), as distinct from a solstice feast of the birth (or rebirth) of the astronomical sun, Hijmans has commented that "while the winter solstice on or around December 25 was well established in the Roman imperial calendar, there is no evidence that a religious celebration of Sol on that day antedated the celebration of Christmas". [230], Some Christians and organizations such as Pat Robertson's American Center for Law and Justice cite alleged attacks on Christmas (dubbing them a "war on Christmas"). One translation reads: "O the splendid and divine providence of the Lord, that on that day, the very day, on which the sun was made, March 28, a Wednesday, Christ should be born. [96] Non-Puritans in New England deplored the loss of the holidays enjoyed by the laboring classes in England. [134], An image of the British royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle created a sensation when it was published in the Illustrated London News in 1848. [3] Crīst (genitive Crīstes) is from Greek Khrīstos (Χριστός), a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ (מָשִׁיחַ), "Messiah", meaning "anointed";[29][30] and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist. Boxing Day, the day after Christmas, was added in 1871. Hong Kong); in others, Christian minorities or foreign cultural influences have led populations to observe the holiday. In eastern Europe also, old pagan traditions were incorporated into Christmas celebrations, an example being the Koleda,[102] which was incorporated into the Christmas carol. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is a medical condition routinely encountered in clinical practice. Countries such as Japan, where Christmas is popular despite there being only a small number of Christians, have adopted many of the secular aspects of Christmas, such as gift-giving, decorations, and Christmas trees. [139] [194] This time period marked the start of the present-day tradition of American and British choral groups performing Handel's Messiah during Christmas, rather than during Easter. How All the Welkin Rings", later renamed "Hark! Our editor is available from this email address Isidro F. Aguillo, but we strongly suggest to read Methodology in advance. The ‘assumption of capacity’ is the overriding principle of capacity assessment. [226][227] The Parliament of Scotland, which was dominated by Presbyterians, passed a series of acts outlawing the observance of Christmas between 1637 and 1690; Christmas Day did not become a public holiday in Scotland until 1958. "[152], As Christmas celebrations began to be held around the world even outside traditional Christian cultures in the 20th century, some Muslim-majority countries subsequently banned the practice of Christmas, claiming it undermines Islam.[153]. and P'ent'ay (Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelical) Churches (primary date), Most Protestants (P'ent'ay/Evangelicals) in the diaspora have the option of choosing the Ethiopian calendar (Tahsas 29/January 7) or the Gregorian calendar (December 25) for religious holidays, with this option being used when the corresponding eastern celebration is not a public holiday in the western world (with most diaspora Protestants celebrating both days). [74] The date of the passion was moved to Good Friday in 165 when Pope Soter created Easter by reassigning the Resurrection to a Sunday. [191] In that year, Francis of Assisi assembled a Nativity scene outside of his church in Italy and children sung Christmas carols celebrating the birth of Jesus. The content of the design might relate directly to the Christmas narrative, with depictions of the Nativity of Jesus, or Christian symbols such as the Star of Bethlehem, or a white dove, which can represent both the Holy Spirit and Peace on Earth. Scholar Assignments are your one stop shop for all your assignment help needs.We include a team of writers who are highly experienced and thoroughly vetted to ensure both their expertise and professional behavior. The data for this edition was collected during the first week of March 2021. alone. Other Christian denominations do not rank their feast days but nevertheless place importance on Christmas Eve/Christmas Day, as with other Christian feasts like Easter, Ascension Day, and Pentecost. [210][211] It is worth noting that across all of Poland, St Nicholas is the gift giver on the Saint Nicholas Day on December 6. [155] As such, for Christians, attending a Christmas Eve or Christmas Day church service plays an important part in the recognition of the Christmas season. [171], The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century, with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539, under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer, Martin Bucer. and "Old Christmas". [77], In 221, Sextus Julius Africanus (c. 160 – c. 240) gave March 25 as the day of creation and of the conception of Jesus in his universal history. [234][235][236] In 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lynch v. Donnelly that a Christmas display (which included a Nativity scene) owned and displayed by the city of Pawtucket, Rhode Island, did not violate the First Amendment. [187] The concentric assortment of leaves, usually from an evergreen, make up Christmas wreaths and are designed to prepare Christians for the Advent season. [91], Many popular customs associated with Christmas developed independently of the commemoration of Jesus' birth, with some claiming that certain elements have origins in pre-Christian festivals that were celebrated by pagan populations who were later converted to Christianity. [180] The English language phrase "Christmas tree" is first recorded in 1835[181] and represents an importation from the German language. The word is recorded as Crīstesmæsse in 1038 and Cristes-messe in 1131. Various writers of the time condemned caroling as lewd, indicating that the unruly traditions of Saturnalia and Yule may have continued in this form. [92] The Yule boar was a common feature of medieval Christmas feasts. In the Early Middle Ages, Christmas Day was overshadowed by Epiphany, which in western Christianity focused on the visit of the magi. [49] Charles Dickens and other writers helped in this revival of the holiday by "changing consciousness of Christmas and the way in which it was celebrated" as they emphasized family, religion, gift-giving, and social reconciliation as opposed to the historic revelry common in some places. After recovery from chickenpox, the virus remains dormant in the dorsal root ganglia. Revised Julian calendar usage started in the early 20th century. [50], Dickens sought to construct Christmas as a family-centered festival of generosity, linking "worship and feasting, within a context of social reconciliation. [97] Celtic winter herbs such as mistletoe and ivy, and the custom of kissing under a mistletoe, are common in modern Christmas celebrations in the English-speaking countries. [69] Christmas was then calculated as nine months later. ", "If We Can't Say 'Merry Christmas' in Canada, Multiculturalism Failed", "Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas", There Really Is a Santa Claus: The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions, Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria, Family Day/Heritage Day/Islander Day/Louis Riel Day, Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland, Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sembilan's Birthday, Anniversary of Installation of the Sultan of Terengganu, Declaration of Malacca City as Historical City, Declaration of George Town as World Heritage Site, Royal Ploughing Ceremony and Farmer's Day, Annunciation of the Virgin Mary / Annunciation of the Theotokos, Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust, Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands, Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus, Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos, Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month, Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day, Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple, Urus Mubarak of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas&oldid=1020894713, Articles with dead external links from January 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from June 2016, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles needing additional references from March 2021, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing more viewpoints from March 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TDVİA identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [219] Industries completely dependent on Christmas include Christmas cards, of which 1.9 billion are sent in the United States each year, and live Christmas Trees, of which 20.8 million were cut in the U.S. in 2002. [107][108] Donald Heinz, a professor at California State University, states that Martin Luther "inaugurated a period in which Germany would produce a unique culture of Christmas, much copied in North America. [164] In certain parts of the world, notably Sicily, living nativity scenes following the tradition of Saint Francis are a popular alternative to static crèches. St Nicholas (Święty Mikołaj) dominates Central and North-East areas, the Starman (Gwiazdor) is most common in Greater Poland, Baby Jesus (Dzieciątko) is unique to Upper Silesia, with the Little Star (Gwiazdka) and the Little Angel (Aniołek) being common in the South and the South-East. In 1607, King James I insisted that a play be acted on Christmas night and that the court indulge in games. [191] Each year, this grew larger and people travelled from afar to see Francis' depiction of the Nativity of Jesus that came to feature drama and music. [69] This cult was established by Aurelian in 274. [citation needed], The singing of carols initially suffered a decline in popularity after the Protestant Reformation in northern Europe, although some Reformers, like Martin Luther, wrote carols and encouraged their use in worship. The form Christenmas was also historically used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal. [142] In 1875, Louis Prang introduced the Christmas card to Americans. [3] Origen and Arnobius both fault the pagans for celebrating birthdays, which suggests that Christmas was not celebrated in their time. [218] Figures from the U.S. Census Bureau reveal that expenditure in department stores nationwide rose from $20.8 billion in November 2004 to $31.9 billion in December 2004, an increase of 54 percent. [143] On June 28, 1870, Christmas was formally declared a United States federal holiday. [191] In France, Germany, Mexico and Spain, Nativity plays are often reenacted outdoors in the streets. [citation needed], Christmas cards are purchased in considerable quantities and feature artwork, commercially designed and relevant to the season. The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser, with "Bah! [34][36] "Nativity", meaning "birth", is from Latin nātīvitās. Historically it was prohibited by Puritans when they briefly held power in England (1647–1660), and in Colonial America where the Puritans outlawed the celebration of Christmas in 1659. [citation needed], However, there is also a small Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which maintains the traditional Armenian custom of celebrating the birth of Christ on the same day as Theophany (January 6), but uses the Julian calendar for the determination of that date.

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